Trust Administration

Choosing who should serve as your trustee, your agent under a durable power of attorney, or as a guardian or conservator is not a task to be taken lightly. Here are some topics we'll cover to help you get your bearings:

Note that we also offer Daily Money Management services.

What is a trust (vs a will) and how can a professional fiduciary help?

Most people are familiar with the concepts of a will and an executor. Fewer are conversant with trusts and trustees (those who provide trust services). How are these different?

Here are a few key differences between a trust and a will:

Question

Trust

Will

What do you call the person (or people) who initiates it?

Grantor or Settlor

Testator

When is it effective?

Both are effective when they are signed.

When are its terms applicable?

If irrevocable, immediately upon effect. If revocable, upon the grantor's death.

Upon the death of the testator.

Who carries out its terms?

Trustee

Executor

Who receives the proceeds?

Beneficiaries

Duration

Variable, depending on how it's written

Only as long as required to distribute the estate

Subject to probate?

No

Yes

Most common use

Both are used to transfer assets upon the death of their owner.

Is it a legal entity unto itself?

Yes

No

Does it have to file a separate tax return?

Yes, except for revocable trusts

No (only the testator's tax return is required)

What do you call the person (or people) who initiates it?

Grantor or Settlor

Testator

When is it effective?

Both are effective when they are signed.

When are its terms applicable?

If irrevocable, immediately upon effect. If revocable, upon the grantor's death.

Upon the death of the testator.

Who carries out its terms?

Trustee

Executor

Who receives the proceeds?

Beneficiaries

Duration

Variable, depending on how it's written

Only as long as required to distribute the estate

Subject to probate?

No

Yes

Most common use

Both are used to transfer assets upon the death of their owner.

Is it a legal entity unto itself?

Yes

No

Does it have to file a separate tax return?

Yes, except for revocable trusts

No (only the testator's tax return is required)

Bedrock Fiduciaries offers both trust administration (trust services) and executor services. In other words, we can serve as trustee or executor.

This overview leads to the concept of a private professional fiduciary. Professional fiduciary services can include acting as a trustee, as shown above, or operating as an agent under a durable power of attorney. Their responsibilities can range from managing the finances of an estate to broader care for clients and beneficiaries.

Licensing of professional fiduciaries in California is overseen by the Professional Fiduciaries Bureau, whose site offers this simple, top-level summary:

“Professional fiduciaries provide critical services to seniors, persons with disabilities, and children. They manage matters for clients including daily care, housing and medical needs, and also offer financial management services ranging from basic bill paying to estate and investment management.”

Obviously, this is extremely broad. “Critical services” and “matters” are, at best, sweeping terms. That’s actually fair, though: professional fiduciaries take on an incredibly wide range of tasks and responsibilities. Ultimately, a fiduciary is either acting in place of someone who cannot look after their own affairs, whether due to death, disability, or a court order, or on behalf of someone who has intentionally delegated their responsibilities, either through preference or due to the reality of modern over-booked schedules. That means they’re managing the dizzying array of responsibilities that most people can scarcely keep pace with on their own account, never mind on behalf of another.

This does not mean that a fiduciary must master all the trades of the professionals the individual they represent – the grantor of the trust they’re managing, or the signatory to the Power of Attorney under which they’re operating – would otherwise employ. It means they must act faithfully in that person’s stead (or that family’s, as the case may be). A fiduciary will still engage a lawyer, or a CPA, or a professional investment advisor, or a property manager… or for that matter a plumber, a painter, or a gardener on behalf of the trust or person whose affairs they are managing. They don’t become experts in all these fields; they become the go-to expert in the priorities, requirements, and legal context of that trust or person. They make decisions, direct resources, and carry out responsibilities as the person or entity that granted their powers would have. Done properly, it is an exhaustive process that involves a considerable degree of personal touch… in no small part because there are inevitable grey areas where a true understanding of the original intent of the person who granted the authority (the grantor of the trust, or the person who signed a Power of Attorney).

Licensing Standards.  California has established several minimum standards that a person must meet to become licensed as a professional fiduciary and to open a private practice in the field.

These standards are administered and monitored by the California Professional Fiduciaries Bureau (PFB). Bedrock Fiduciaries is also a member of the Professional Fiduciary Association of California (PFAC). To serve as a professional trustee or as power of attorney for more than two non-family clients in California, one must be licensed by the PFB. If you are wondering how to find a fiduciary in California, all of these resources are good places to start.

It’s worth noting that the Professional Fiduciaries Act not only outlines the requirements to serve as a licensed fiduciary but also prohibits those who aren’t licensed from carrying out these responsibilities.  In general these limitations do not apply to family members, but for non-family members you must be a licensed fiduciary if you want to:

  • Act as guardian or conservator for more than one person…
  • Serve as personal representative for more than one person…
  • Act as trustee, agent under durable power of attorney for more than one person…

…at any given time.

The details of these limitations are spelled out inthe California Business and Professions Code (BPC), Division 3, Chapter 6 – which is referred to as the Professional Fiduciaries Act.  

What is a fiduciary anyway?

In the simplest terms, a fiduciary is one who acts in the best interest of another.  It is a fiduciary’s duty to do so, and any firm operating under the fiduciary standard must act in its clients’ best interests.

Somewhat stunningly, very few businesses in the United States are obligated to behave in this way.  In 2015 the U.S. government administration requested that the Department of Labor (DoL) update its rules regulating the financial services industry to require that they put the best interests of the clients above their own financial interests, and the DoL proposed new regulations the following year.  In 2017, however, the new administration asked the DoL to delay implementation, which was scheduled to begin that April.  Then, in 2018, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals officially vacated the rule.  Efforts continue to resurrect the rule in some form in order to protect investors.

The good news is that Bedrock Fiduciaries adheres to the fiduciary standard.  As an example, when we oversee investments on behalf of our clients we insist that the investment manager retained also commits to the fiduciary standard, which imposes several very strict and specific requirements on such investments.  Among these are:

  • Diversification:  Proper diversification among asset classes that are not correlated, protecting the portfolio against loss when a particular asset class declines more than the market.  At Bedrock Fiduciaries, we strive to ensure that no more than 15% of a portfolio is held in a single asset class unless necessary for tax reasons related to legacy investments or when special circumstances prevail, such as with an owner-occupied multi-unit dwelling.
  • Reducing Risk of Loss:  Minimizing the risk of loss rather than total portfolio risk (volatility).  Where traditional investors tend to focus on measures of risk (volatility) such as beta or standard deviation, we focus on the risk of loss (semi-standard deviation).  Assets that exhibit historical tendencies to generate losses are hence weeded out in favor of investments that have similar overall volatility – but rise much more often (and by a greater order of magnitude) than they fall.

These are but a few of the standards we insist upon for portfolios we oversee.  More broadly, we hold ourselves to the fiduciary standard with respect to all actions we take on behalf of our clients – including those for whom we act as daily money manager along with cases where we act as trustee, power of attorney, conservator or guardian. Naturally, we also hold ourselves responsible for compliance with all applicable laws – but as noted above, those generally do not go far enough to ensure the clients’ best interests.

How to choose a professional fiduciary as trustee – and why to consider Bedrock Fiduciaries

Trust and estate planning can be a daunting task, even for experts. It involves planning for an uncomfortable eventuality; it can generate tensions between different parties whose interests you’d like to look out for; and it typically involves considerable uncertainty. Who truly knows what their circumstances will be when they pass, much less that of their intended beneficiaries? Adding to all this are the tax considerations, which can be complicated on a normal day and are all the more so when one adds uncertainty about the future – not only of oneself and one’s beneficiaries, but of tax policy itself.

Those are all reasons to work closely with a qualified trust and estate planning attorney. When you go through that process, you’ll eventually reach the point where you need to name an executor for your will, and if you have one (and those with meaningful assets generally should), a trustee for your trust. You may serve as your own trustee while living and able, but at some point – either at your death, or upon your disability – you will need a successor. Don’t leave the selection of that successor to chance; the courts will appoint one for you if you fail to do so, but that creates a lot of variability… and often damage has been done before the courts are able to make such an appointment.

This is where both corporate and private trustees come into play. Many banks and some investment advisory firms have trust departments staffed with people who will administer trusts for their clients, both living and deceased… in many cases using other services of the firm, such as investment management or retail banking services. At the other end of the spectrum are private professional fiduciaries such as Bedrock Fiduciaries and its principal, Gene Brown, who personally assume the responsibilities of trustee. This ensures a certain degree of continuity that may not be the case with larger institutions that are subject to greater turnover, but in no way precludes the engagement of specialized resources. For example, a private professional fiduciary acting as trustee will nearly always work with a professional investment advisor for trusts with significant investable assets – but unlike a corporate trustee, they have no internal investment management department to favor. Instead, they are very much at liberty to select the best professional partner for the circumstances. Private trustees are also considered more apt to get personally involved with a trust, directly supervising everything from marshalling assets to surveying property, dissecting budgets, engaging one-on-one with family members, and so on.

Either approach can work well, depending on the circumstances. Regardless of which you choose, you should always look for a few key qualities:

  • Relevant knowledge and experience. The unavoidable reality of trusts is that they are widely varied, with endless unexpected circumstances. No trustee will have experience in all the possible facets of a trust, but they should have both experience with trust administration generally – practice corralling the resources needed for circumstances as they arise – and the proper training and education. We are fortunate that in California, those offering professional fiduciary services must meet strict educational and experience-based criteria (along with passing a rigorous background check) in order to attain and maintain their license. This is not so in all states.
  • Independence and objectivity. Trustees must remain impartial, meaning they are committed to the terms of the trust… not to any particular beneficiary, not to any particular professional service provider (accounting services, investment advisory services, real estate management or sales, etc.).
  • Continuity. In an era where banks and investment firms are constantly acquiring one another, a private professional fiduciary can often provide greater continuity. Even absent trustee succession, a private trustee will generally stay abreast of all of a trust’s affairs rather than relying on delegation throughout the enterprise.

At Bedrock Fiduciaries, we strive to provide far more than these minimum criteria demand. We compete primarily with other private professional fiduciaries and trust administrators, and feel strongly about the things that set us apart. Here are a few.

  • Personal service. We have built our way of doing business around more than just the strict structural needs dictated by a trust or a power of attorney. We work hard to capture the subtleties and details so that, while always true to the terms of the trust or other governing document and consistent with the law, we are able to inject a bit more of the persona of the grantor or other party we’re representing into our decision-making.
  • Accessibility. We do sleep, so we are not guaranteeing instant solutions 24/7/365. However, we have worked hard to make sure that we’re readily accessible the majority of the time – and we don’t just mean accessible to the clients and beneficiaries we work with. We mean that our systems enable us to access the critical case-specific data we need to fulfill our duties virtually anywhere, anytime, provided we have an internet connection.
  • Security. Fraud, cybercrime, identity theft and other risks are a seemingly ever-growing reality of modern society. This is something we take very seriously, as demonstrated by our offer of free credit monitoring for any case we handle where the client desires it along with the extensive measures we have in place to ensure both physical and digital security of sensitive documents and data. For more details, check out our page on data security.
  • Efficient use of resources. We understand that since we are not a pro bono resource, when we work to apply client or trust resources efficiently that includes efficient use of our own time. This hearkens back to the age-old saying that “time is money” – and yes, we bill by the hour. To meet our fiscal responsibility in this regard, we have invested heavily in our bespoke fiduciary system so as to minimize the time spent organizing, reorganizing, searching for details, and entering data… without compromising completeness or accuracy.
  • Approachable Professionalism. We work hard to get to know our clients and beneficiaries while always maintaining the objectivity demanded of a fiduciary. Our goal is what we call approachable professionalism, and we hope you’ll find it more confidence inspiring and inviting than the sometimes-rigid approach offered by banks (or even some attorneys) or the almost-too-casual style of some financial professionals.

Taken together, these are what we feel makes us distinctive in the field. They are what comprise our core promise: Trusted, Thorough, Thoughtful.